The Rocco library was the gift of trustee Harry Bauer. The full gamut of original editions of Galileo's works published during his lifetime, with the inclusion of three manuscript copies, were purchased for Caltech in 1955 as part of the library of Count Giampaolo Rocco of Bologna. Galileo's diagram of the Copernican universe, 1632. Galileo Galilei ( Figure 2.25 ), a contemporary of Shakespeare, was born in Pisa. The diagram is similar to one that appeared in Copernicus' Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies ninety years previously, except that Galileo adds the four moons of Jupiter which he discovered in early 1610. Many of the modern scientific concepts of observation, experimentation, and the testing of hypotheses through careful quantitative measurements were pioneered by a man who lived nearly a century after Copernicus. In it he included a diagram of the Copernican system that showed the ordering of the planets, moving out from the Sun. Galileo’s observations on the moons of Jupiter. In his Dialogue of the Two Worlds Systems, published in Florence in 1632, Galileo presented a comparison of the ancient cosmology of Aristotle and Ptolemy with that of the modern Copernicus, cast in the form of a series of dialogues. Portrait of Galileo in 1613, at the height of his reputation. His two most important inventions, the mathematical compass and the telescope, are pictured above in the hands of cherubs, the latter depicted in a somewhat fanciful trumpet-like shape. In an engraved portrait first published in his book on sunspots ( History and Demonstration of Sunspots, 1613), the title “Linceo” is appended to his name. Galileo's success with the telescope won him election to the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, the first academy of science. Galileo recorded in this engraving the roughness of the moon's surface and the position of spots and prominences on the light and dark sides. The full implications of the discovery would not be demonstrated by Galileo until two decades later, at which time he found himself at dangerous odds with the Roman Inquisition. Many scholars began to take the Copernican system seriously as a physical system. Kepler was delighted, and soon got his own telescope, as did many others. (Brahe, who had his own Earth-centered model of the Universe, withheld the bulk of his. Brahe had collected a lifetime of astronomical observations, which, on his death, passed into Kepler’s hands. This observation struck an important blow for Copernicanism. The impact was immediate and forceful: Skeptics claimed that the telescope was lying (and Galileo, too) and entrenched. When Galileo pointed his telescope into the night sky in 1610, he saw for the first time in human history that moons orbited Jupiter. But he then revealed a major discovery-that the planet Jupiter itself had four orbiting moons. In January of 1610 he discovered four new stars orbiting Jupiterthe. In 1609 Galileo built his first telescope, improving upon a Dutch design. The first scientific study conducted with a telescope, it began with Galileo's observations of the Moon. Galileo, Telescopes and the Medici Court. Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (translated as either The Sidereal Messenger or The Starry Messenger) was published in Venice in March 1610.
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